Fluid Detector Recognizing Foam and Surge Conditions

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods for evaluating probe signal level readings in a manner that allows a low water detector to distinguish between a probe that is under a fluid level, or is above the fluid level and either being splashed or is within a foam. Low water detectors which utilize these systems and methods are also provided. The detectors generally utilize a representative probe reading, and a dynamic indicator between probe readings, for a set of probe readings taken in a time period to detect low water levels, foam, or surge.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

The application claims priority to and is a Continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/376,672 filed Mar. 15, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No.7,317,993, the entire disclosure of which is herein incorporated byreference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

(1) Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a fluid detector which candifferentiate between liquid fluid and foam, bubbles, or surges of thefluid; more particularly, it is to a device generally used to detect alow water condition in a boiler system

(2) Background of the Invention

Boilers have been used for generating steam in radiant heating systemsin both residential and commercial applications for a number of years.The systems generally operate by heating boiler water to produce steam.The steam is then distributed through a piping system and radiators toheat the facility. Once distributed to radiators, the resultant steamcondenses and returns to the boiler to be heated again andredistributed.

Steam boiler systems can be damaged if they have too much water or iffoaming occurs within the boiler. In either case, since steam exits theboiler at high velocities, it can propel liquid water from the boilerinto the piping system. This condition, known to the industry aspriming, occurs when the high-velocity steam drives slugs of waterthrough the piping system and equipment. When these slugs of waterimpact heating system components and piping, it causes water hammerwhich can lead to damage of piping, valves, or heating system componentssuch as radiators. When foaming occurs in a steam boiler, primingbecomes a more frequent condition. For these reasons, boiler systems arefilled to their desired water level during installation and steps, suchas cleaning the boiler and piping or chemical treatments, are taken tocontrol foaming in the boiler.

Because of the way these boiler systems operate, it is also necessarythat there be sufficient water in the boiler system at all times. If thewater level drops too low, the water in the boiler can flash to steamexplosively, seriously injuring or killing people or damaging theboiler, facility or both. Boilers generally include a Low Water Cutoff(LWCO) which will serve to turn off the heat source for the boiler ifthe water level drops below a predetermined safe level. The LWCOtherefore serves as a defense against the system being operated withinsufficient water and indicates when additional water needs to beadded.

There are many types of different systems used in an LWCO to detect thelow water condition. In the simplest example, a simple float switch maybe used. Historically, these float style LWCO devices function reliably,so long as they receive proper daily or weekly maintenance like blowdownto remove deposits that can cause moving parts to get stuck in aposition that falsely indicates a proper water level. Since maintenanceis often not performed regularly or sometimes not performed at all,mechanical type LWCO devices are, therefore, subject to improperoperation on a regular basis. For this reason, the industry has adoptedmore sophisticated electronic probe style LWCO devices which have nomoving parts.

Probe style LWCO devices generally utilize the electrical conductivityof a fluid, in this case the boiler water, to complete an electricalcircuit between two conductors of the probe. One conductor is placed lowdown in the tank so as always to be in fluid while the other conductoris placed at the desired minimum operating level of water. When bothconductors are underwater, electric current can pass through the waterbetween the two conductors completing the electric circuit between themand indicating a safe water level. When the level drops below the levelof the upper conductor, the electric circuit is broken which indicates alow water condition.

When the fluid level is stable in the vessel and the surface line iswell defined, this type of technology works quite well. In steam boilerapplications, however, the stability of the water level and thedefinition of the water line can degrade during operation. For instance,boiling water will often surge due to heat underneath creating bubbleswhich pass through the water disrupting the water line. Further,differences in heat throughout the boiler water can further cause watermovement which can disrupt the water line making a constantly changingwater level. Under intense boiling conditions, the water line becomesvery undefined, making it difficult to ascertain the actual water level.

Steam boilers also act under pressure. When the boiler has reached adesired operating pressure, it enters a relatively stable state wheresteam can be removed and the water boils in a fairly controlled fashion.When heating loads increase rapidly, the additional load on the boilercan result in much more steam suddenly being removed from the boiler,decreasing the pressure in the boiler. This can result in the waterbeing heated more aggressively and boiling more violently as thepressure falls off. A violent boil of water will generally lead to asignificant disruption of the water line due to splashing of the waterinside the fluid vessel. Further, water which is not completely cleancan generate a foam which can float on the surface of the water or evenfill the inside of the boiler.

Traditional LWCO technologies generally determine the water level byexamining the resistance between the two probes as a method to determineif the conductive fluid is between the probes. The strength of the LWCOsignal transmitted via the boiler water is related to the amount ofsurface area of the probe in contact with the liquid. Therefore, in awell behaved system, as the water line slowly drops across the surfaceof the upper probe, the signal will decrease as resistance effectivelyincreases. In the boiler system, however, the presence of steam bubbleswithin the water and an imprecise water line can lead to false readingsas the surface area of the probe actually in contact with liquid watercan change from instant to instant, even when the water line issignificantly above the probe.

In order to prevent false indications of a low water level due to thechanges in probe signal levels due to surging or bubbling, traditionallow water detectors average the probe signal over a period of time, andthen use the average to determine whether there has been a sufficientchange over time to indicate a low water level. In the event of smallchanges to the average over a significant time period, the low waterdetector will often adjust to accept new values as the expected signallevels (or baseline) and will only trigger a low water condition in theevent of a major change from that baseline. These types of systemseffectively compensate for small changes in the conductivity such asthrough alteration of the water chemistry from interaction with thepipes.

The problem with averaging systems is that having their probe in foam orunder relatively violent splashing will generally still produce anaverage probe signal within the period that is similar to the averageprobe signal when liquid is covering the probe. The alternative problemis, however, that not using the average produces a large number of falseindications for low water as the water surges and bubbles during theboiling process but is still at a sufficient operating level.

To attempt to compensate for the false low water indications produced bydynamic water levels, while preventing premature restoration from a lowwater condition, low water cutoff devices often incorporate a delayfeature that requires water to be continuously present before a lowwater condition is removed or continuously absent for a predeterminedlength of time before a low water condition is indicated. In some othersystems, the low water detection system attempts to correct for dynamiceffects by periodically shutting off the boiler's burner circuit andkeeping it off for a predetermined duration or settling period. At theend of this period, it is presumed that the dynamic system hasstabilized or settled and therefore the low water detection device cantake a more accurate reading of whether it is within fluid or not.

While both these options help with the problem of inaccurate detection,numerous issues plague the methods. Requiring continuous low waterindications before triggering a low water condition can often make a lowwater condition less detectable by making it harder to detect foam orsurge which will result in less detection accuracy. Further, during asettling period, foam and steam also have an opportunity to condense andreturn to the boiler, replenishing the water level and possibly alteringthe determination. Alternatively, a heavy foam may not recondense,leaving the probe still within the foam at the end of the settlingperiod and having the probe still generate an inaccurate reading. Theshort cycling of the heating cycle created by periodically turning theburner off can also cause numerous problems that lead to prematurefailures of the heating system resulting in potentially high repair orreplacement costs. Further, the system will not be able to meet demandsfor heat when the shut-off period is implemented.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Because of these and other problems in the art, described herein aresystems and methods related to low water detection systems, generallyfor use with a boiler, which provide for improved detection of low waterconditions in the presence of foam or surge by having the systemsutilize a dynamic indicator associated with the signals received by aconductivity type control. This dynamic indicator provides that changesto probe signal levels within a time period can be utilized to detectwhen the probe is within a form or surge.

There is discussed herein, amongst other things, a detector fordetermining when a fluid level has dropped below a prespecified level,the detector comprising: a probe placed in a fluid containment vessel; asignal generator for generating a transmitted signal, the transmittedsignal passing into a fluid within the fluid containment vessel; and aprocessor; wherein the processor obtains a received signal detected bythe probe; wherein the processor stores the received signal associatedwith the time segment; wherein the processor obtains and stores signalsfor a plurality of time segments within a time period; wherein theprocessor determines a representative probe signal for the time period;wherein the processor determines a dynamic indicator for the probesignals in the period; and wherein the processor uses both therepresentative probe signal and the dynamic indicator to determine ifthe probe is within the fluid.

In an embodiment of the detector the fluid container vessel comprises aboiler and the fluid comprises water.

In another embodiment of the detector the dynamic indicator is computedusing a mathematical principle selected from the group consisting of:standard deviation, divided differences, absolute differences, or rootmean squared and the representative signal is computed using amathematical principle selected from the group consisting of: mean,median, or random selection. The representative signal may be used todetect when the second probe is in air while the dynamic indicator maybe used to detect when the second probe is in surge or in foam.

In another embodiment of the detector, the processor is amicroprocessor, may include hardware compare elements, amicrocontroller, a programmable logic circuit, or a gate array.

There is also discussed herein, a method of determining when a fluid hasdropped below a prespecified level, the method comprising: providing adetector having: a probe located in a fluid containment vessel; a signalgenerator for generating a signal; and a processor; generating atransmitted signal at the signal processor which passes into the fluid;detecting a detected probe signal at the probe during a time segment;repeating the step of detecting to collect a set of detected probesignals, each of which is associated with a different time segmentwithin a period; determining a representative probe signal for the setof detected probe signals; determining a dynamic indicator for the setof detected probe signals; and using a combination of the representativeprobe signal and the dynamic indicator to determine if the probe isstill within the fluid.

In an embodiment of the method, the vessel comprises a boiler and thefluid comprises water.

In another embodiment of the method in the step of using the combinationof indicates that such second probe is in air, is in fluid, or is infoam.

In another embodiment of the method the dynamic indicator is computedusing a mathematical principle selected from the group consisting of:standard deviation, divided differences, absolute differences, or rootmean squared and the representative signal is computed using amathematical principle selected from the group consisting of: mean,median, or random selection.

There is also discussed herein, a detector for determining when a fluidlevel has dropped below a prespecified level, the detector comprising:means for detecting the a signal at a fixed point in a fluid containingvessel; means for generating the signal within a fluid in the fluidcontainment vessel; and means for processing signals from the means fordetecting; wherein the means for generating generates a plurality ofsignals, each of the plurality of signals being detected by the meansfor detecting; wherein the means for processing calculates arepresentative signal and a dynamic indicator for the plurality ofsignals; and wherein both the representative signal and the dynamicindicator are used to determine if the fluid is above the predeterminedlevel.

There is also discussed herein, a detector for determining when a foamis present in a fluid containing vessel, the detector comprising: meansfor detecting the a signal at a fixed point in a fluid containingvessel; means for generating the signal within a fluid in the fluidcontainment vessel; and means for processing signals from the means fordetecting; wherein the means for generating generates a plurality ofsignals, each of the plurality of signals being detected by the meansfor detecting; wherein the means for processing calculates a dynamicindicator for the plurality of signals; and wherein the dynamicindicator is used to determine if the means for detecting is in a foam.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a first embodiment of a foam detectinglow water system.

FIG. 2 shows a circuit diagram of an embodiment of FIG. 3.

FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of a second embodiment of a foam detectinglow water system.

FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of a third embodiment of a foam detectinglow water system.

FIG. 5 provides a flowchart of steps of operation of the processor todetermine if the probe is in a surge or foam situation.

FIG. 6 is a graph showing the change of a dynamic indicator (DI) andprobe reading (PR) when a probe drops from water into surge and thenshuts off in a relatively clean system.

FIG. 7 is a graph showing the change in dynamic indicator (DI) and probereading (PR) when a probe drops from water into foam and then shuts offin a relatively dirty system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The fluids in boiler systems are dynamic and therefore the use of waterlevel monitoring devices which are designed to detect static orrelatively well behaved fluid levels is often problematic as thecontrols can be fooled into detecting sufficient water levels in asystem when in fact there is not due to the device's probe beingsplashed or in bubbles or foam. This leads to false indications of safewater levels where the probe is reading a sufficient signal level, (dueto surging, bubbles, or foam), but the fluid level is really too low.Corrective methods, such as delays or shutting down the boiler heatsource periodically, help reduce false indications of safe water levels.However, these methods still can be fooled into signaling safe waterconditions when the water levels are not in the safe range. These falsepositives lead to problematic operation of the boiler, which, in turn,can lead to other undesirable conditions.

During the course of this application, the low water detection system(100) will be presumed to be used with a self contained boiler systemand will be detecting the fluid level of water in the boiler. This waterwill generally not be pure and will in fact include a number ofchemicals, such as but not limited to, oils, fluxes, corrosiontreatments, or scale treatments, however, this solution will generallybe referred to as water. For the purposes of this application, a waterlevel is considered to be above the probe when the actual stable levelof liquid is above the probe. That is, if the foam and surge wereeliminated, without liquid returning from the steam system, the liquidwould continue to cover the probe.

It would be recognized, by one of ordinary skill in the art, that thelow water detection system (100) would be capable of detecting fluidsother than water, if calibrated for such detection, and could also beused in conjunction with fluid vessels other than boilers, however, thelow water detection system (100) is particularly valuable in the steamboiler implementation and that implementation is therefore discussedherein.

Generally, it is not necessary for the boiler to be shutoff at theinstant that the water drops below the probe level. There will generallybe some space between the probe level and the actual bare minimum safeoperating water level of the boiler. However, it is desirable that a lowwater level be detected as close to the probe level as possible, withoutdramatically increasing the number of nuisance shutoffs when there issufficient water in the system. The systems and methods describedherein, therefore, provide for a low water detection system (100) whichgenerally provides fewer nuisance shutoffs and minimizes false safewater level indications over systems that can not discriminate betweenwater and the presence of surging, bubbling, or foam. Further, thesystems and methods discussed herein are generally able to detect when alow water detection device's probe is in foam or surge, a situationwhich may provide additional valuable data regardless of the actualwater level. This detection of foam or surge is not required to beabsolute (e.g. the probe need not detect such foam or surge in allcases), but is capable of detecting the presence of foam or surge beforetraditional low water detection devices would recognize it.

FIG. 1 shows a general layout of a low water detection system (100)designed to detect water levels in a boiler (201). The low waterdetection system (100) is also generally able to detect the presence offoam or surge. The probe housing (101) includes two conductors or probes(103) and (105) placed into the fluid reservoir of the boiler (201). Inan alternative embodiment, if the boiler (201) reservoir is electricallyconductive, it can serve as the lower probe (103). When the water levelis at or above the higher probe (105), as it is in FIG. 1, the fluid(203) in the boiler (201) completes the electrical circuit between theprobes (103) and (105) and acts as a resistor (107). In the event thatthe fluid (203) also includes a foam on its surface, the foam and fluid(203) together may also act as the resistor (107). If the upper probe(105) is entirely in air, generally the circuit between the probes (103)and (105) will be broken.

A signal generator (111) generates electrical signals which travel intothe lower probe (103) and interact with the resistance (107). If theupper probe (105) is not in air, a signal is usually received via theresistance (107) by the upper probe (105) and passes into a conditioningcircuit (121). The conditioning circuit (121) is generally used toprovide for adjustment of the sensitivity of the low water detectionsystem (100).

Once conditioned, the signal (or lack of signal) is provided to aprocessor (123). The processor (123) may be any type of processor suchas a microcontroller, microprocessor, or any other type of signalprocessor known now or later discovered. The processor (123) willdetermine if the upper probe (105) is underwater, in foam or surge, orin air, based on calculations from the data provided from the upperprobe (105) and signal generator (111). The processor (123) will alsogenerally maintain a history of the probe signal it receives from theconditioning circuit (121) which may be stored in a memory (not shown).

If the low water detection system (100) wishes to provide indications ofcurrent status, the processor (123) can provide an indication of statusto the output circuit (125). The output circuit (125) may direct anyform of enunciator whether aural, visual, tactile, or any other form toprovide feedback to a human user, or, in an automated system, maycontrol the water boiler (201) so as to switch the boiler (201) heatingelement on and off and/or may control a water feeder system forproviding additional water into the boiler (201). The output may beprovided at any and all times, may occur only when the probe (105) is inair, or may occur if the probe (105) is not in water (203), (e.g. infoam or air). The exact nature of the output will depend on the type offeedback desired by the user and the level of automation in the boiler(201) system.

The low water detection system (100) of FIG. 1 also includes a resetcircuit (131) which can be used to reset the low water detection system(100) in the event of a low water condition. Boiler installationstandards and codes often require the heat source of the boiler to belocked out when a low water condition is indicated until a userintervenes by pressing a manual reset button. This reset circuit canalso be used after service where the water composition within the boilerhas changed and the baseline values for some or all of the variablesneed to be reset and redetermined, however, self-calibration isgenerally preferred.

There is also included a test circuit (133) in the embodiment of FIG. 1.The test circuit (133) can be used to make sure that the processor (123)is triggering in the fashion desired based on the probe (105) output andresults in the proper signaling to other boiler controls to properlyturn off the boiler heat source. This permits users to verify systemwiring and operation during inspections prior to putting the boiler intoservice. There is also a power supply (137) to power the low waterdetection system (100).

FIGS. 3 and 4 provide for alternative embodiments of a low waterdetection system (100). The low water detection system (100) of FIG. 3is of similar topology to that of FIG. 1. However, the low waterdetection system (100) depicted in FIG. 3 includes separate circuitsprior to the processor (123) for determining the probe baseline signal(127) and detecting the dynamic indicator (129). That is, the base linedetector (127) performs the processing of probe readings, (PR), thatpermits the processor (123) to establish the historical baseline signalwhile dynamic signal detector (129) provides signal processing thatpermits the processor (123) to determine the dynamic indicator (DI). Inthis way the processor (123) can act on each signal independently and isfocused on determining the nature of the boiler level from these values,eliminating its need to determine the different signals on its own. Oneof ordinary skill in the art would understand that there are a number ofdifferent ways to implement detectors (127) and (129) such as, but notlimited to, filter circuits, integrators, peak detectors, or amplifiers.The device of FIG. 3 also includes a rectifying or buffering circuit(220) to buffer later electronics from the signal and prevent damage.

In the embodiment of FIG. 3 it is also possible to allow the processor(123) to monitor the outputs of the separate circuits (127) and (129)independently. In this type of arrangement, each of the two pathsincident on the processor (123) can have its circuits (and associatedmonitoring software) tuned for the detection of foam or water. Thisprovides the low water detection system (100) with the ability to allowthe water channel to have a small signal amplitude, such as due tobuildup due to system age, corrosion, or related issues, while stillallowing the low water detection system (100) to detect the presence offoam. This arrangement is beneficial in this situation because while thewater channel signal is small, it is still present, and the foam channelcan be specifically tuned to still detect the presence of foam (that is,the absence of water). This multi-channel input approach permits the lowwater detection system (100) to operate in less desirable operatingconditions, such as, but not limited to, those due to a poorinstallation, poor maintenance, or poor water quality, while still beingable to reliably detect loss of water and the presence of foam and stillshutdown the boiler safely, if necessary.

FIG. 2 shows one possible circuit implementation of the block diagram ofFIG. 3. This circuit design is by no means the only way to implement thelow water detection system (100) of FIG. 3, but does provide for oneimplementation of the low water detection system (100).

FIG. 4 provides for a still further embodiment of a low water detectionsystem (100). In the embodiment of FIG. 4, a specific processor canstill be used or the function of the processor (123) can be performed byhardware circuits (323) and (325) which replace the processor. Thehardware circuits (323) and (325) could comprise circuits capable ofproviding similar functionality to a processor such as, but not limitedto, Digital Signal Processors (DSP), programmable logic circuits, oranalog comparators. For the purposes of simplicity, however, herein allthese processing means and systems are referred to as processor (123)whether the processor (123) is a processor, hard wire circuit, or otherstructure having the same functionality. It should be obvious to oneskilled in the art, that this embodiment provides the structure for ahardware only design when compared to the embodiment in FIG. 1 whichrequires software to process and make decisions pertaining to the valuesof the signals the processor (123) receives.

The boiler (201) of FIGS. 1, 3 and 4 shows a well behaved andeffectively static state where the fluid (203) is clearly above thehigher probe (105) level. Even in a well behaved boiler (201), however,there is rarely a static fluid resistance (107). The composition of thewater (203) will change over time leading to some fluctuations in thefluid resistance (107) and therefore the signal detected by the upperprobe (105). Some of these fluctuations can be caused by new water beingadded to the boiler (201) which includes chemicals, impurities ormicroorganisms which alter the conductivity. Alternatively oradditionally, the deposition of chemicals, scale, or sludge on theboiler's (201) surfaces can also lead to changes in fluid resistance(107) over time. Deposition, may also lead to changes in the sensitivityof the probe (105) which may become coated with material or otherwisehave its electrical properties be altered by the water composition. Allthese changes can effect the ability of the low water detector (100) tobe able to determine if a detected change in fluid resistance (107) isdue to a change in the chemistry of water (203), a change resulting fromdeposition on the probe (105) or boiler (201), or if the change is dueto liquid water (203) no longer covering the probe (105).

Changes in signal levels also occur due to dynamic water effects. Thereare two general types of situations where dynamic water effects caneffect signal level of the probe (105). In the first situation, theprobe (105) is under the water level, but rising steam bubbles or thesurging effect from bursting steam bubbles can temporarily put the probe(105) into gas (air) instead of liquid. In the second case, the probe(105) is above the fluid level, but surging waves of fluid or foamformed on the surface of the fluid can act in a manner to temporarilyplace the higher probe (105) in a conducting situation. As should beapparent, the effects on the signal level detected by the probe (105)can be similar in both situations, however, in one situation additionalwater is needed while in the other it is not (and could be detrimental).

Foam formation can be particularly problematic. Scale and corrosioncontrol is required in boilers (201) to maintain operating efficienciesand prevent premature failure of the boiler (201) and related systems.Often, these conditions are inhibited by the inclusion of chemicaladditives to the water to alter its pH and other chemical attributes.The resultant alteration of the water chemistry inhibits corrosion orscale formation if done correctly. However, the inclusion of chemicals,as well as dissolved solids and other naturally occurring materials inthe water, can cause the water to foam when it is heated. Uncleansystems and piping of poor quality can also cause foaming of the water.

Once foam begins to form, it will often be the case that a layer of foamwill become present at most times on the surface of the water. It mayeven become so heavy as to completely fill the space in the boiler (201)above the water level. In many instances, the liquid film matrix of thefoam is sufficiently conductive to allow electrical current to passthrough the foam. Often in this case, the liquid surface of the foam(e.g. the bubble walls) will provide an average fluid resistance (107)similar to the liquid. This situation means that the boiler (201) waterand the foam on the surface of the water may still have sufficientconductivity to produce a signal comparable to that produced by thefluid (203) alone. With enough foam being produced, this can allow thelow water detector (100) to not detect a low water condition regardlessof the actual level of water in the system as the probe (105) is alwayswithin the foam if not in the water. That is, there is no time or waterlevel where the probe (105) is in the air.

FIG. 5 provides for a method of operation of a low water detectionsystem to provide for the detection of a low water condition even in thepresence of foam or significant surging. The steps of the method utilizethe detector (100) of FIG. 1, however it would be apparent how similarsteps would be used in the detectors of FIGS. 3 and 4. In step (501) thesignal generator (111) will provide for a first signal into the fluid(203). Depending on the embodiment, the signal may be generatedspecifically for detection (e.g. a burst) or the signal may simply beconstantly provided and measured at known intervals. In step (503) theprobe (105) will measure the signal it detects. This value will then besent to the processor (123) in step (505) passing through conditioningcircuit (121) or buffer (120) if present. In step (507), the signallevel received by probe (105) is determined. This determination willresult in a signal level associated with a first time segment. The firsttime segment is a predetermined length of time during which themeasurement occurred. Once determined, the signal level is associatedwith the first time segment and stored in step (509). In an embodiment,for example, each time segment comprises 0.05 seconds with the signalbeing generated and measured sometime within that segment. The processwill then repeat in step (511) taking signals and recording the signalwith the time segment for a number of time segments generally accordingto a predetermined pattern until sufficient time segments to make up apredetermined time period have passed. Once a fixed number of timesegments have passed in step (511), the system will move on. Using theprior example of a time segment being 0.05 seconds, the period may be 1second, or 20 time segments long, in an embodiment.

Once the period is complete, all the time segment signal values for thetime segments in the period will now be acted on to provide for valuesrelated to the signal activity during the time period. In step (513), arepresentative probe signal over the time period will be determined. Ineffect, this step (513) assigns a single value of probe signal level tothe time period based on the readings in the time segments. This may bereferred to as the probe reading (or PR) during the period. Generally,the PR will be some form of average of the signal levels for the timesegments within the time period. This average may be obtained in anyfashion and may be the mean, median, or any other type of computedaverage. In an alternative embodiment, items other than an average, suchas a typical reading, or even just a randomly selected reading may beused instead to provide for the PR.

To help detect dynamic effects, a second value is also calculated forthe time period. This is the dynamic indicator (DI). The DI is anyindicator showing the divergence or variability of the individual signallevels associated with the time segments in the period compared to thebaseline value of the PR. The DI may be any indicator of divergence suchas, but not limited to, the standard deviation, divided differences,absolute differences, or root mean squared of the various conductivitiesin the period.

In step (517), it is determined whether the system is currentlyindicated as already being in a low water condition. In the event thatthe system is currently in a low water condition, the question iswhether the condition has been eliminated or is otherwise no longervalid and whether the system should be allowed to start the heat sourceback up again. If there is not yet a low water indication, the questionis whether a low water condition now exists meaning the boiler heatsource needs to be shut off. Both tests are basically similar but actdifferently on the boiler based on the detected state.

The PR is first compared against an absolute value (threshold) belowwhich the water level is considered unacceptable in step (521) or (531).A PR below this level would indicate that the signal detected by theprobe (105) has fallen sufficiently that the probe (105) is likely nolonger in liquid water. In the event that the baseline (or PR) dropsbelow this level, the boiler will presume a low water situation andeither instigate the low water condition in step (518) or maintain thelow water condition that already existed. Such a test can inhibit thebaseline from dropping sufficiently slowly to not detect that the water(201) level has fallen below the probe (105) because it occurred duringa series of small adjustments, or that the probe (105) has becomesufficiently fouled that it may no longer be able to detect a low watercondition due to a slow build-up. Such condition can therefore identifywhen maintenance or replacement is required as the low water detectorappears to no longer be a reliable detector of a low water condition.

When the low water condition is triggered in step (518), the baseline islocked in step (529) to disallow further adjustment of the baseline tocompensate for possible chemical interactions until the low watercondition is perceived as having been corrected. Therefore, the baselinemay not adjust during the period of a low water condition. This is apreferred action so that the baseline does not become skewed in a lowwater case while attempting to verify the condition. This, in turn,keeps the system from inaccurately detecting changes to the baselineleading to a false negative and restarting of the boiler in a low watersituation. The boiler heat source is also shut down in step (527) whenthe low water condition is detected to prevent firing the boiler withoutsufficient water.

The PR therefore provides for the first round of tests to detect a lowwater condition by indicating when the probe (105) is in air. However,the PR alone is generally insufficient to detect when the probe (105) isnot in water as the probe (105) may be in surge or foam which are notread as air. Dynamic effects may be hidden by the average across thetime period which creates the PR value, and dynamic effects can befurther attenuated into the adjustable baseline.

In steps (525) and (535), the DI for the period is compared with a DIthreshold to look for an increase in the DI which is indicative of theprobe (105) being in surge or foam. If the DI is below a thresholdvalue, the probe (105) is considered to still be in liquid water (203)as the probe signal is sufficiently high to indicate that there is atleast some water present and the DI is sufficiently low to indicate thatthe water is most likely relatively constantly covering the probe.

In the event that the readings both indicate that the probe is still inliquid water, The low water detection system (100) then cycles as beingin a sufficient water condition (that is not in a low water condition).If a low water condition had previously existed, the system willreactivate the boiler in step (537) so as to return it to normaloperation. Otherwise, the boiler is retained in normal operation. Aspart of the operation, the system will update the baseline in step (519)when normal operation is confirmed.

By maintaining a historical record of signal levels by forming thebaseline, the low water detector (100) establishes the signal level thatcorresponds to the probe (105) being covered by water in this specificsystem. The baseline can then drift slightly over time depending on theage of the system and the operating conditions. For example, over time,deposits can build up on the probe's (105) surface and effect the amountof signal that the probe (105) can receive. The electronics can trackthese slight changes over time and adjust the baseline appropriatelyover time so as to compensate for decreased signal detection of theprobe (105), without triggering an unnecessary low water condition. Thebaseline will often be an average of the PRs from across a plurality,and usually a relatively large plurality, of time periods. In this way,the baseline attenuates many more dynamic effects and better representsthe “expected” PR result. At the same time, a consistent and relativelysmall change will allow for a delayed adjustment in the baseline tocompensate for slight, but expected, changes over time.

Any other values which may be stored by the system, such as historicalrecords of the DI or other variables or calculations may be updated instep (539). Generally, this will take place whether or not the system isin low water condition. Once the updating is completed, the cyclerepeats for another period of time segments.

If the DI is above the threshold in step (525) or (535), the low waterdetection system (100) will presume that the upper probe (105) is now insurge (splashes) or in foam and therefore the actual water level is toolow even though the PR value did not indicate the probe (105) was inair. It will therefore trigger or maintain the possible low watersituation of step (518). To determine if the DI is above the threshold,a variety of comparisons may be used with the DI and the threshold. Inthe simplest form, the DI may simply be compared to a preset constantvalue In an alternative embodiment, the comparison of step (525) or(535) compares the DI to values of a DI baseline formed from the DI ofother periods. In this embodiment a sufficient absolute or percentilerise in the DI between the computed periods may be used to detect foamor surge.

In a still further embodiment, the values of the DI can be integratedwithin a time window so that a total amount of space under the DI curvecould be used instead of the actual DI value. This could then becompared to a prior window which underwent a similar integration,looking for a percentage of increase of the DI integration or simply foran increase of a certain amount. Alternatively, the integrated valuecould be compared to an absolute value to determine if the DI within thewindow is showing a certain level of variation.

Regardless which of these methods is used, if the DI exceeds thethreshold, the low water detection system (100) will act as though apossible low water situation exists in step (518). In the depictedembodiment, regardless of which test triggered it, the indication of apossible low water situation in step (518) results in the low waterdetector (100) shutting off the boiler (201) heating element in step(527) and locking of the baseline in step (529) as discussed above. Inanother embodiment, the low water detection system (100) may alsotrigger a water addition cycle, alarm cycle, or similar process inconjunction with the boiler shutdown. In a still further embodiment, ifa sufficient number of steps to test for low water have been performedwith each consistently reading low water, the low water detection systemmay eventually reach a threshold where it is determined that the lowwater is the actual condition, and additional processes, such as analarm or water addition step may be performed.

FIG. 6 shows a graph illustrating the values of an exemplary detectorand the changes in the DI and PR during various stages of the process asdiscussed in FIG. 5. The water used in the boiler of this example, onwhich the graph of FIG. 6 is based, was clean and therefore most of afalse water level signal will be generated from surging as opposed tofoam. The line (601) shows the signal level (PR) as received by theprobe over time with the line (602) being the computed baseline fromhistorical averages of current PR values. The line (603) shows the DIvalue as recorded for the same periods. The low water detector (100) andboiler (201) was purposefully set up so that the boiler (201) startedwith a significant amount of water above the low water cutoff point (thelocation of the upper probe (105)) but consistently lost water over timeuntil the low water condition was detected by the low water detector(100). The low water detector (100) then shut off the boiler heatingelement, but continued to take regular measurements.

The system began with the water level above the probe (105) and as canbe seen in FIG. 6, the DI line (603) quickly levels out to a virtuallyzero reading while the PR line (601) levels out at a signal level of Awhich becomes the baseline (602). The graph is generally discussed byactivity of DI during time divisions which are selected purely toillustrate various boiler conditions.

During the first time division (605), the water level, while falling, isstill consistently above the probe (105) and as can be seen the DI (603)and PR (601) values are both fairly level around their original startingpoints and the baseline (602) is close to horizontal. During this timeperiod the water is boiling and surging as steam is produced. During thenext time division (607), the water level is approaching the probe (105)level. Therefore, even though the probe (105) is still mostly underwaterand the PR is essentially unchanged, the boiling and surging of thewater is beginning to result in some dynamics in the signal as shown bythe slight rise visible in the DI (603). These dynamics are theresultant signal variations from the changes in the surface area of theelectrode that is in contact with the water and walls of bubbles andfoam.

In time division (609) the DI (603) suddenly jumps significantly. Duringthis time division (609), the water level falls sufficiently below theprobe (105) that the signal level has become sufficiently dynamic toresult in the detection of boiling, foaming, or surging sufficient toindicate that the probe is no longer in the water. At the time t₁, thelow water detection system (100) cuts off the heat source to the boilerupon the determination that the system is below the desired water levelas the DI has passed the threshold value of B. As should be seen at timet₁ the PR is still virtually identical to the original PR and has notyet indicated a low water level. At the time t₁, the water level isbelow the probe level and the low water detector correctly indicates alow water situation. Traditional low water detection devices, relyingonly on the PR, would fail to cut off the boiler heat source at thispoint in time and would permit continued, unsafe boiler operation as thePR test has not yet indicated the low water condition.

While the boiler heat source is shut off at time t₁, the water in theboiler continues to boil (and drain) and measurements are still takenfor a significant period of time due to accumulated heat already in theheat exchanger and fluid. This is shown in time division (611). Itshould be apparent that the further into this period that is examined,as the PR and baseline drop, their dynamic properties, indicated by DI,increase. However, it is quite clear that an amount of time passes aftershutoff, t₁, where the PR value still indicates a sufficient signallevel that would fool controls that do not monitor the dynamicproperties of the water level.

In time division (613) the PR has dropped to zero indicating that thereis now no water in contact with the probe (105) and the DI has risen toastronomical levels only to fall off once the probe is completely out ofthe water. At the end of this time division (613), the water level haseffectively stabilized and is now displaying a stable water line as thesystem unambiguously detects that the probe (105) is only in air fromthe PR value. It is not until the water level has reached thisdangerously low level where traditional low water cutoff could begin torespond to the loss of probe signal levels.

The graphical display of FIG. 6 shows how the systems and methodsdiscussed herein can detect a low water condition long before thecondition would be caught by a more traditional low water cutoff relyingsolely on the PR value. At the time of boiler shutoff and even for sometime after, the PR still appears relatively constant and traditionalprobes which rely solely on the PR would still indicate that the waterlevel is sufficient. By monitoring the dynamic characteristics of the PRsignal, the current low water detection system (100) promptly detectsthe operation of the boiler with insufficient water and shuts down theboiler heat source before an unsafe condition exists.

FIG. 7 shows a similar situation except the water in the boiler is verydirty (oily) and therefore instead of the probe (105) being as much insurge, the probe (105) is instead in foam. Water that contains even theslightest amounts of oil will heavily foam. This graph, therefore,indicates a potentially harmful boiler situation even if the water levelis technically above the probe due to the presence of the foam possiblyleading to priming. Again the boiler (201) begins with sufficient waterand has a small leak introduced to slowly reduce the water to below theprobe (105) level. In FIG. 7, however, the boiler (201) was not allowedto shut off when the DI or PR would have indicated a low watercondition. Instead, the boiler (201) was allowed to run to a conditionwhere the water is well below the probe (105) level and then wasmanually shut-off. In the first time division (703), the system isgenerally well behaved and the probe (105) is underwater. During thesecond time division (705), the probe (105) is in a mixture of oily foamand water surge. While the DI has risen, this may not yet constitute asufficiently high signal to trigger shut-off due to the presence offoam. The question of whether a shutoff should occur relates to thedesired sensitivity. In this case, the DI is set to trigger at a highervalue. In an alternative embodiment, DI threshold could have been setlower.

During time period (707), in this embodiment, the DI has risen to alevel that the boiler would shut off due to a sufficient presence offoam. In this period, the absolute water level may already be arelatively small distance below the probe (generally around 1-1.5inches) which is the situation of this example, or may still be slightlyabove the probe (105). This may then still be a “safe” operating volume,but is undesirably low and is showing the presence of a sufficientquantity of foam to indicate a potentially problematic situation.

As should be apparent, the PR does not fall of dramatically until themiddle of the period (709) showing that the conductive foam is still incontact the probe resulting in a sufficiently high signal to fool thattest. At the end of this window, the PR (and also the DI) would indicatea low water condition and shut off the boiler heat source. However, thewater level is over twice as low when the PR would indicate a low watercondition as when the DI indicator was triggered based on the presenceof foam.

The ability of the low water detector (100) to detect that it is in foamor surge by using the DI is beneficial because it allows the low waterdetector (100) to more accurately detect a low water condition which isthe principle concern of the low water detector (100) and specificallyallows the low water detector (100) to detect the low water conditionquicker.

As should also be apparent from the comparison of FIGS. 6 and 7, it isfurther possible to differentiate between being in a foam and being in asurge in an embodiment, by examining the behavior of the PR and DI overtime. In the surge situation, once the boiler is shutoff, the waterlevel will generally return to a stable line relatively quickly allowingboth PR and DI to stabilize to new values. In the foam case, however,the foam will often lead to the PR remaining relatively high and stableafter the shutoff, while the DI can actually increase in value andvolatility due to the movement of individual bubbles within the foam andthe contact between the probe (105) and the liquid surfaces of thosebubbles.

If there appears to have only been surge or light foam (the value of thePR and DI drops off quickly within the delay period), additional watercan be safely added and the boiler reignited returning the system toregular operation without a huge concern as to foam conditions. If thePR remains high (or drops off more slowly) while the DI also remainshigh, during the waiting period, the system is likely to be in a foamcondition. In this situation, it may be undesirable to add additionalwater (which could push the foam into the piping from the boiler).Instead, it may be desirable to first combat the foam. Instead of simplyadding water, the low water detection system (100) can instead indicatethat there is a foam situation. This situation can result in the delayperiod being lengthened to attempt to allow the foam to furtherdissipate before reactivating the boiler (201).

Alternatively, the low water detector (100) may instruct the addition ofchemicals in addition to or instead of fill water to attempt to combatthe foam. These chemicals may be automatically added to the boiler (201)upon detection of a foam condition. The boiler (201) also may remain offor may enter into a purposeful “testing” condition to determine if thechemicals are resulting in the foam's collapse and failure to reform.Alternatively, the low water detector (100) may combat the foam byproviding clean water to try and dilute foam. In a still furtheralternative embodiment, the boiler (201) could signal that it needs tobe serviced allowing personnel to remove the old dirty water, clean theboiler and refill it with clean water to combat the foam.

By detecting the presence of a foam, the low water detector (100) canalert end users of a potential problem and try to combat it beforedamage due to priming occurs and can allow for low water levels to bedetected even when foam is present. With the trend towards higherefficiencies, boilers are being made more compact than in the past. Inboilers with small water capacities or in boilers with narrow sections,foaming can be a more common occurrence due to the physical designs ofthe firebox, water tubes, or heat exchangers. The greater incidence offoam therefore makes its detection more desirable.

While the invention has been disclosed in connection with certainpreferred embodiments, this should not be taken as a limitation to allof the provided details. Modifications and variations of the describedembodiments may be made without departing from the spirit and scope ofthe invention, and other embodiments should be understood to beencompassed in the present disclosure as would be understood by those ofordinary skill in the art.

1. A method of determining when a probe is in a foam, the methodcomprising: providing a probe located in a fluid containment vessel;generating a transmitted signal which passes into a fluid; detecting adetected probe signal at said probe during a time segment; repeatingsaid step of detecting to collect a set of detected probe signals, eachof which is associated with a different time segment within a period;determining a dynamic indicator for said set of detected probe signals;and using said dynamic indicator to determine if said probe is within afoam formed from said fluid and a gas.
 2. The method of claim 1 whereinsaid vessel comprises a boiler.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein saidfluid comprises water.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein said dynamicindicator is computed using a mathematical principle selected from thegroup consisting of: standard deviation, divided differences, absolutedifferences, or root mean squared.
 5. A method of determining when afluid level in a vessel is surging, the method comprising: providing aprobe located in a fluid containment vessel; generating a transmittedsignal which passes into a fluid, said fluid being within said fluidcontainment vessel, having a stable level, and generating surges abovesaid stable level; detecting a detected probe signal at said probeduring a time segment; repeating said step of detecting to collect a setof detected probe signals, each of which is associated with a differenttime segment within a period; determining a dynamic indicator for saidset of detected probe signals; and using said dynamic indicator todetermine if said fluid is surging over said probe when said probe islocated above said stable level.
 6. The method of claim 5 wherein saidvessel comprises a boiler.
 7. The method of claim 5 wherein said fluidcomprises water.
 8. The method of claim 5 wherein said dynamic indicatoris computed using a mathematical principle selected from the groupconsisting of: standard deviation, divided differences, absolutedifferences, or root mean squared.